ABSTRACT Corruption is a social phenomenon historically situated in a social and cultural structure. For this reason, the approach for analyzing it must be framed in a way that makes it possible to reveal the processes through which it is exalted, naturalized, and made invisible in society. That is why this article aims to establish the basis for the criteria that legitimize sociology as a coherent theoretical tool for the study of corruption, given its ability to articulate its different dimensions from a multidisciplinary platform. It does this by demonstrating the phenomenon’s socio-structural content and the main mechanisms whereby it is produced and reproduced in the social fabric.

RESUMEN La corrupción es un fenómeno social situado y condicionado históricamente en lo que a estructura social y cultural se refiere. Por ello, es necesario enmarcar su análisis desde un enfoque que permita desvelar los procesos mediante los cuales se entroniza, naturaliza e invisibiliza en la sociedad. De ahí que este artículo se propone fundamentar los criterios que avalan a la sociología como una herramienta teórica coherente para el estudio de la corrupción, dada su capacidad para articular, desde una plataforma multidisciplinar, las diferentes dimensiones que la integran, a partir de demostrar el contenido socioestructural del fenómeno y los principales mecanismos a través de los cuales se produce y reproduce en el entramado social.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is a foodborne pathogen and etiological agent of food outbreaks with a great impact on human health. The increase in bacterial resistance constitutes a threat to public health. The appearance of Salmonella strains with resistance to multiple antimicrobials (MDR) has already been described in humans, food and animals for consumption; for this reason, it is considered very important to know the local epidemiological situation. The target of this work was to generate information on circulating serotypes, antibiotic resistance and the presence of simultaneous resistance to multiple drugs in Salmonella from human clinical samples and food samples in the period from 2017 to 2019. A total of 668 Salmonella strains isolated in the years 2017, 2018 and 2019 were analyzed from human and food clinical samples, at the Central Public Health Laboratory and / or sent by Laboratories of the Enteropathogens Network. Very diverse serotypes were observed with prevalence of Heidelberg serovar in food and Typhimurium in human samples .It was found that 45,4% of the strains were sensitive to all antibiotics (ATB), 35,6% were resistant from 1 to 6 ATB and 19% with intermediate sensitivity; observing greater resistance to Tetracycline, Ác. Nalidixic, Ampicillin and Nitrofurantoin, to a lesser degree resistance to cephalosporins (C3ªG) and ciprofloxacin was evidenced. The 16.9% the strains presented multiple resistance (3 or more antibiotics) with 37 different phenotypes. The serovars with the highest antimicrobial resistance were Heidelberg, Schwarzengrund and Typhimurium.

RESUMEN Salmonella enterica es un patógeno transmitido por alimentos y agente etiológico de brotes alimentarios de gran impacto en la salud humana. El aumento de la resistencia bacteriana constituye una amenaza a la salud pública, la aparición de cepas de Salmonella con resistencia a múltiples antimicrobianos (MDR) fue descrita en humanos, alimentos y animales para consumo; por ello se considera muy importante conocer la situación epidemiológica local. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar información sobre los serotipos circulantes, resistencia a los antibióticos y presencia de resistencia simultánea a múltiples fármacos en Salmonella provenientes de muestras clínicas humanas y muestras de alimentos en el periodo desde 2017 a 2019. Fueron analizadas un total de 668 cepas de Salmonella aisladas en los años 2017, 2018 y 2019 a partir de muestras clínicas humanas y de alimentos, en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública y/o remitidas por Laboratorios de la Red de Enteropatógenos. Se observaron serotipos muy diversos con prevalencia del serovar Heidelberg en alimentos y Typhimurium en muestras de humanos. Se encontró que el 45,4% de las cepas fueron sensibles a todos los antibióticos (ATB), el 35,6% fueron resistentes de 1 a 6 ATB y el 19% con sensibilidad intermedia; observándose mayor resistencia a Tetraciclina, Ác. Nalidíxico, Ampicilina y Nitrofurantoína, en menor grado se evidenció resistencia a cefalosporinas (C3ªG) y a ciprofloxacina. El 16.9% de las cepas presentaron resistencia múltiple (3 o más antibióticos) con 37 fenotipos distintos. Las serovariedades que presentaron mayor resistencia a los antimicrobianos fueron Heidelberg, Schwarzengrund y Typhimurium.

Resumo Fundamento O diagnóstico diferencial de taquicardia de QRS largo, entre taquicardia ventricular (TV) ou taquicardia supraventricular com condução aberrante (TSV-A) é algumas vezes difícil de ser feito na sala de emergência. Objetivo Avaliar a acurácia de um algoritmo novo e simples para a detecção de TV no eletrocardiograma (ECG) em pacientes com taquicardia de QRS largo. Métodos ECGs de 12 derivações para detecção de taquicardia de QRS largo foram obtidos prospectivamente de 120 pacientes durante estudo eletrofisiológico. Seis médicos com diferentes experiências analisaram os ECGs, e fizeram o diagnóstico com base no algoritmo D12V16, que envolve a análise da polaridade predominante do complexo QRS nas derivações I, II, V1 e V6. O diagnóstico foi comparado com os obtidos pelo algoritmo tradicional de Brugada e pelo estudo eletrofisiológico, o qual é considerado padrão ouro. Adotou-se um nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05) nas análises estatísticas. Resultados De acordo com o estudo eletrofisiológico, 82 ECGs eram de TV e 38 de TSV-A. Doenças cardíacas estruturais estavam presentes em 71 (86,6%) dos pacientes com TV e em oito (21,1%) com TSV-A. O algoritmo de Brugada teve uma maior sensibilidade global (87,2%), enquanto o algoritmo D12V16 apresentou maior especificidade global (85,1%) para TV. Tanto o algoritmo D12V16 como o de Brugada apresentou um alto valor preditivo positivo (90,9% vs. 85,8%, respectivamente) e acurácia similar (73,8% vs. 81,4%, respectivamente) para o diagnóstico de TV. Nos avaliadores experientes, a acurácia foi maior utilizando o algoritmo de Brugada que o algoritmo D12V16, mas a acurácia dos dois algoritmos foi similar segundo os avaliadores menos experientes. Conclusão O algoritmo simplificado pode ser um método útil para reconhecer TV no ECG, principalmente para médicos menos experientes. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background The differential diagnosis of wide QRS complex tachycardia (WCT) between ventricular tachycardia (VT) or supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction (SVT-A) is sometimes difficult in the emergency room. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new simple electrocardiographic algorithm to recognize VT in patients with wide complex tachycardia. Methods The 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) for WCT were prospectively obtained from 120 patients during electrophysiological study. Six physicians with different expertise analyzed the electrocardiographic recordings, and made the diagnosis based on the D12V16 algorithm, that involves the analysis of the predominant polarity of QRS in leads I, II, V1 and V6. The diagnosis was compared with that made using the traditional Brugada algorithm and the “gold-standard” electrophysiological study. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results According to the EPS study, 82 ECG recordings were VT and 38 SVT-A. Structural heart diseases were present in 71 (86.6%) patients with VT and in 8 (21.1%) with SVT-A. The Brugada algorithm had higher global sensitivity (87.2%), and the D12V16 algorithm had higher global specificity (85.1%) for VT. Both D12V16 and Brugada’s algorithms presented a high positive predictive value (90.9% vs 85.8%, respectively) and similar accuracy (73.8% vs 81.4%, respectively) for the diagnosis of VT. Experienced evaluators were more accurate using Brugada algorithm than the D12V16 algorithm, but the accuracy of both algorithms was similar according to less experienced examiners. Conclusion The simplified algorithm may be a useful method to recognize VT in the ECG, especially for less experienced doctors. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

RESUMEN La producción científica sobre el término desarrollo se encuentra fragmentada a partir de intereses desarticuladores del capital. Este proceso ha desvirtuado las potencialidades de la sociedad para reencontrar lo comunitario como cualidad emancipadora del ser humano. La falta de unidad teórica y conceptual acerca del desarrollo ha sido tradicionalmente tratada por la sociología, la filosofía y la práctica política. Se plantea como objetivo identificar aspectos teóricos referidos a la cualidad comunitaria del desarrollo. El estudio tiene un enfoque marxista. Para la obtención de resultados, se emplean los métodos en el nivel teórico: analítico-sintético, sistémico-estructural, históricológico e inductivo-deductivo, y a nivel empírico, el análisis documental. Se enuncian consideraciones sobre el desarrollo desde una visión integradora que trasciende adjetivaciones y se fundamenta como un proceso real y concreto. Lo comunitario como cualidad transformadora de la actividad humana, concretado en los proyectos colectivos, constituye el principio teórico del desarrollo desalienador.

ABSTRACT The scientific production on the term development is found fragmented from disarticulating interests of capital. This process has distorted the potential of society to rediscover the community as an emancipating quality of the human being. The lack of theoretical and conceptual unity about development has traditionally been dealt with by sociology, philosophy and political practice. The objective is to identify theoretical aspects related to the community quality of development. The study has a Marxist approach. To obtain results, the methods are used at the theoretical level: analytic-synthetic, systemic-structural, historical-logical and inductive-deductive, and empirically, the documentary analysis. Considerations on development are enunciated from an integrating vision that transcends adjectives and is based on a real and concrete process. The community as a transforming quality of human activity, concretized in collective projects, constitutes the theoretical principle of disalienating development.

ABSTRACT Objectives Prenatal care is a pillar of public health, enabling access to interventions including prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and congenital syphilis. This paper describes social factors related to use of prenatal care in Ecuador. Methods In 2011 and 2012, participant clinical history and interview information was analyzed from a national probability sample of 5 998 women presenting for delivery or miscarriage services in 15 healthcare facilities in Ecuador, to estimate prevalence of HIV, syphilis, and Chagas disease, and prenatal care coverage. Results The study found that 94.1% of women had attended at least one prenatal visit, but that attendance at no less than four visits was 73.1%. Furthermore, lower educational level, greater number of pregnancies, occupation in the agriculture or livestock sector, and membership in ethnic indigenous, Afro-Ecuadorian, or other minority groups were factors associated with lack of use (no prenatal visits) or insufficient use of prenatal care (fewer than four visits or first visit at >20 weeks gestation) in Ecuador. Conclusions These results point to persistence of marked inequalities in access to and use of prenatal health services attributable to socioeconomic factors and to the need to strengthen strategies to address them, to reach the goal of universal prenatal care coverage.

RESUMEN Objetivos La atención prenatal es uno de los pilares de la salud pública y permite el acceso a intervenciones tales como la prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del VIH y de la sífilis congénita. Este artículo tiene como objetivo describir los factores sociales asociados con la utilización de los servicios de atención prenatal en Ecuador. Métodos Entre 2011 y 2012, se realizó un análisis de la información procedente de las historias clínicas y de la entrevista a las participantes, que integraron una muestra probabilística a nivel nacional de 5 998 mujeres atendidas por parto o aborto en 15 servicios sanitarios en Ecuador con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de VIH, sífilis, enfermedad de Chagas y la cobertura de atención prenatal. Resultados El estudio mostró que 94,1% de las mujeres había acudido a algún control prenatal, pero la asistencia al menos a cuatro controles fue 73,1%. Se encontró que el menor nivel educativo, el mayor número de embarazos, la ocupación en el sector agrícola o ganadero y la pertenencia a los grupos étnicos indígena, afroecuatoriano u otros minoritarios fueron factores asociados con la falta de uso (ningún control prenatal) o al uso inadecuado de la atención prenatal (menos de cuatro controles o primer control después de las 20 semanas de gestación) en Ecuador. Conclusiones Estos resultados apuntan a la persistencia de desigualdades marcadas en el acceso y en la utilización de servicios de atención prenatal atribuibles a factores socioeconómicos y a la necesidad de fortalecer las estrategias para su abordaje para alcanzar la meta de la cobertura universal de atención prenatal.